NRB IT Policy and Guideliness 2012(2067) | Loksewa IT Engineers 2079

Q. Write down the major areas covered by NRB IT guidelines 2012(NRB IT Policy 2067). (10)

answer:

NRB has formulated the IT policy for its own implementation and for all licensed banks and financial institutions. The Nepal Rastra Bank formulates its own information technology guidelines (NRB IT Guidelines). NRB's IT policy has the following objectives:

• Ensure that IT infrastructure is stable, secure, and standardized.
• Ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
• To increase awareness of the IT system in order to increase efficiency, effectiveness, and economy.
• Minimizing IT-related risks.
• Ensure that the financial sector's information system operates efficiently.

The major areas covered by NRB IT guidelines 2012(2068 B.S) are:

1) IT Governance

• The use of IT resources by a bank should be efficient, effective, and economical in order to satisfy the bank's business demands.
• It is important for risk management policies to consider IT-related risks.
• Before adopting a new technology or system, a bank needs to perform a detailed risk analysis.
• Banks should monitor and measure the performance of their IT functions and report to appropriate management levels.

2) Information Security

• A bank should harden their system, which means that their OS, firewall, and system software should be configured with the highest level of security.
• The bank should maintain a comprehensive mechanism to protect itself against computer viruses.
• Secure cryptographic techniques and end-to-end encryption should be used by banks to protect customer PINs, user passwords and other sensitive information.
• All ATMs should be equipped with CCTV systems and appropriate lighting.
• To safeguard their web applications and databases, banks should implement adequate security measures.

3) Information Security Education

• A bank should implement an information security awareness program and periodically conduct it among its employees, vendors, customers, and other concerned parties.
• Ensure that customers are adequately educated so that they are able to conduct banking operations securely.
• It is important for banks to use appropriate customer authentication systems when accessing their systems.

4) Information Disclosure and Grievance Handling

• Banks should provide clear information about the dispute resolution process in case of security breaches or fraudulent account access.
• The website of a bank should include information about their security and privacy policies as well as fees and commissions.
• If a customer complains, the bank shall handle the grievance.
• Banks should inform their customers clearly about the risks and benefits of e-banking, online banking, and mobile banking.

5) Outsourcing Management

• Banks should ensure that their service providers can provide the performance, reliability, capacity, and security that they require.
• Before entering into an outsourcing agreement, a bank should evaluate the economic, social, and political risks.
• Banks should ensure that outsourcing agreements do not adversely affect the quality and availability of banking services.

6) IT Operations

• A safe environment for IT operation should be ensured by the board and higher management.
• In order to deliver timely, reliable, secure information, banks should have adequate hardware, software, and operating capabilities.
• IT risk assessments should be conducted periodically by banks.

7)  IT Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Planning 

• Business continuity planning (BCP) frameworks have become more critical with the introduction of the electronic delivery channel and 24/7 service availability.
• BCPs should consider all potential manmade and natural disasters, security threats, regularity requirements, and outsourcing dependencies.
• In order to maintain a 'fail-safe system' with minimum downtime, a bank needs to maintain an economic, efficient, and effective disaster recovery system

8) Information System Acquisition, Development, and Implementation

• Inadequate testing and bad design contribute to many software failures.
• Security requirements should be met by applications that handle customer financial information.
• Prior to implementing the system, all vulnerabilities, loopholes, and defects should be fixed.

9) Information System Audit

• A bank should conduct periodic IS audits to ensure that the controls framework and security procedures are effective.
• An external IS auditor should be appointed if the bank does not have enough staff.

10) Fraud Management

• In order to submit a report to Nepal Rastra Bank, a bank should identify and document all electronic attacks.
• A customer should be informed about fraud and how to identify, avoid, and protect against it.

 Nepal Rastra Bank NRB IT Policy

The various NRB IT Policy are described below:

• Achieve efficient, effective and economic IT operation by implementing appropriate IT systems, such as Financial Information Systems (FIS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs), Real-time Gross Settlement Systems (RTGS), Scripless Security Settlement Systems (SSSS), etc.
• Ensure that physical IT infrastructure is well-structured, secure, and properly documented.
• Ensure information security at multiple levels.
• Implement an audit of IT systems.
• Maintain a data backup and recovery policy by developing, implementing and maintaining it.
• Maintain a Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) System that is efficient, effective, and economically feasible so that the system is a "fail safe system" with little downtime. In addition, develop and maintain a Business Continuity Plan (BCP).
• Implement IT outsourcing and third-party involvement mechanisms.
• Ensure that all offices have a uniform and legitimate IT infrastructure.
• Provide IT directives to banks and financial institutions that are licensed.
• Standardize IT procurement and monitor it as technology changes.
• Implement a "NRB IT Code of Conduct" to ensure proper use of IT resources at the NRB.
• Enhance the capacity building of employees in information technology

These guidelines and policies are intended to regulate and guide IT-related activities in commercial banks with the aim of strengthening banks to deal with emerging cyber frauds, manage information technology prudently and reduce risks associated with IT implementation.

Artificial Intelligence and its Component | Loksewa 078 question paper

 Q. What is AI? Describe in detail the components of AI. (10 marks)

answer:

John McCarthy, the father of Artificial Intelligence, defined it as "the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines, particularly intelligent computer programs".

An artificial intelligence system is one that makes a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or software think intelligently, like an intelligent human.

The goal of Artificial Intelligence is to create expert system and to implement human intelligence into machines.  Artificial Intelligence  is a technology based on a number of disciplines like computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, engineering and so on. 

The basic components of Artificial Intelligence can be mentioned below:

1. Learning
2. Reasoning
3. Problem-solving
4. Perception
5. Language Understanding

components

Learning

AI relies heavily on learning in a number of different ways. Trial and error is the simplest form of learning. By doing this, the program remembers the section that has given the desired output and discards all other trial actions. An example is the case of mate-in-one chess problems, where moves are tested at random until one is found that results in mate. Whenever the computer is confronted with the same problem, the program recalls the successful move and produces the same result immediately.

Learning is of three types. They are:

• Supervised Learning- computer algorithms are trained using input data that are labeled for particular results
• Unsupervised Learning- A type of algorithm that learns patterns from untagged data.
• Semi-supervised Learning- large amounts of unlabeled data are mixed with a small amount of labeled data during training.
• Reinforcement Learning- algorithms are trained to explore their environments independently.

Reasoning

In other words, reasoning involves generating judgments based on the information provided. A strict rule of validity is applied to perform the reasoning. The two types of reasoning are deductive and inductive. Deductive reasoning involves the truth of the premises guaranteeing the truth of the conclusion, whereas, inductive reasoning involves the truth of the premises supporting the conclusion but it cannot be fully dependent on them. Programming logic generally relies on deductive inferences. Inferences that are relevant to the given problem or situation are drawn by reasoning.

Problem-Solving

Problem-solving is a third major component of the development of artificial intelligence programs and systems. In the development of AI, problem-solving is perhaps the most crucial element since artificial intelligence is all about making computers and systems solve problems like humans do. A more advanced application of AI can include developing efficient algorithms, analyzing root causes in order to identify a desirable solution, and developing heuristics.

Perception

Different sense-organs, either real or artificial, are necessary for intelligent agents to work within the environment and to detect objects in it. An agent uses sense organs such as cameras and temperature sensors to scan its environment. This is called perception. Upon capturing a scene, perceiver analyses the different objects in it, extracting their features and relationships.

Language Understanding

Using Natural Language Processing, machines or robots understand and process human speech and infer knowledge from it. Additionally, it involves the active participation of a machine in the form of dialog i.e. an NLP system focuses on a machine's or robot's output of text or verbal information. Speech and written text can be input and output of an NLP system.

Process Scheduling Algorithms | Loksewa 2078 Question paper

 Q. Describe various process scheduling algorithms.  10 marks.

answer:

There are various algorithms which are used by the Operating System to schedule the processes on the processor.

The main reasons for scheduling algorithm are:

1. To Maximize CPU utilization
2. For Fair allocation of CPU
3. To Maximize throughput
4. To Minimize  turnaround time
5. To Minimize waiting time
6. To Minimize response time

Process scheduling algorithms consist of six types. Algorithms can either be non-preemptive or preemptive. Typically, non-preemptive algorithms prevent processes from being preempted until they have completed their allotted time, while preemptive scheduling is based on priority, in which a scheduler may preempt a low priority running process at any time when a high priority process becomes ready.

1.First Come First Service(FCFS)

This algorithm is the simplest algorithm. Those processes that arrive first will get the CPU.The faster the arrival time, the sooner the CPU will be available. It is the non-preemptive type of scheduling and is implemented by using FIFO queue.

Advantages:

Easy to implement

First come, first serve method

Disadvantages:

•  It suffers from Convoy effect.
•  average waiting time is much higher than the other algorithms
• not much efficient

2. Shortest Job First

   First, the process with the shortest burst time at a particular instant of time will be executed. In other words, it is a non-preemptive approach i.e. as soon as a process begins executing, it will be fully completed, and then some other process will take its place.

Advantages

• Best approach to minimize waiting time 
• used for long term scheduling

Disadvantages:

• It has starvation
• Many times it becomes complicated to predict the length of the upcoming CPU request

3. Shortest Remaining Time

This is the preemptive approach of the Shortest Job First algorithm. Here, at every instant of time, the CPU will check for some shortest job.

Advantages:

• Short processes will be executed first.

Disadvantages:

• It may result in starvation if short processes keep on coming.

4. Priority Based Scheduling

In this algorithm, the priority will be assigned to each of the processes. The higher the priority, the sooner will the process get the CPU. If the priority of the two processes is same then they will be scheduled according to their arrival time.

Advantages:

• The average waiting time is less than FCFS
• Less complex

Disadvantages:

• It has Starvation Problem. This is the problem in which a process has to wait for a longer amount of time to get scheduled into the CPU. This condition is called the starvation problem.

5. Round Robin

The  algorithm where each process is cyclically assigned a fixed time slot. It is the preemptive version of First come First Serve CPU Scheduling algorithm. Round Robin CPU Algorithm generally focuses on Time Sharing technique.

Advantages:

• No starvation will be there in round-robin because every process will get chance for its execution.
• Used in time-sharing systems.

Disadvantages:

• Need to  perform a lot of context switching here, which will keep the CPU idle

6.Multilevel Queue Scheduling

During multilevel queue scheduling, we divide a process into batches or queues, and give each queue a priority. It is thus necessary to maintain multiple queues for processes that share common characteristics, each queue having its own priority, and using some scheduling algorithm.

Advantages:

• It has a low scheduling overhead.

Disadvantages:

• Starvation problem
• It is inflexible in nature

Note:  For further strengthening the answers we can still add some small examples. This can be refer in internet. Take one example and utilize in all the scheduling algorithms, it will save the time and makes the answer precise

Deadlock in Operating System | Loksewa 2078

 Q. What do you mean by Deadlock? What are the necessary conditions for the deadlock to occur? (2+3+5) marks

answer:

Deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are waiting for each other. When a process requests resources and those resources are not available, the process enters a waiting state. Sometimes, a waiting process is permanently unable to change state because the resources it has requested are held by other waiting processes. This situation is called deadlock. Lets take a real time example, To obtain a voter card, you must provide proof of address, but to obtain proof of address, you must already have a voter card. So it depends on one another. Until any one step is not resolved this deadlock situation exists even in real life.

@missionofficer

Necessary Conditions of Deadlock

There are four different conditions that result in Deadlock. These four conditions are also known as Coffman conditions and these conditions are not mutually exclusive.  They are:

1. Mutual

When this scenario occurs, only one process at a time can hold a resource, during which it cannot be shared with other applications. In addition, this is a critical policy applied by operating systems to prevent conflicts from occurring when two or more processes are using the resource simultaneously, which may result in incomplete data being saved.

Nevertheless, this is a necessary condition for deadlocks to occur. The programs would not have to wait for each other if they could share the same resources.

2. Hold and Wait

A process must be handled at least one resource and waiting to require additional resources that are currently being held by the other processes.

3. No Preemption

It is not possible to forcefully prevent a resource from being included in a process by another process. As an example, if a process P1 is using a resource R, another process P2 cannot forcefully take it. Hence, various scheduling algorithms do not seem to be needed if that's the case. P2 can request and wait for the process P1 to release the resource R, which would be useful for the process P1.

4, Circular  Wait

Circular wait involves processes waiting for each other in a circle. Consequently, no one releases their own resource; everyone waits for each other to release it. Here, everyone is waiting to receive the resource. This is called a circular wait. To reach a deadlock, all four conditions need to be met. If a deadlock occurs, either the operating system needs to perform some work or the system needs to be rebooted.

As soon as the circular wait is broken, the issue will be resolved since each program can then get the resources they need.

Therefore, All four conditions are necessary for deadlock to occur. If any single one is prevented or resolved, the deadlock is resolved.

Functional Dependency and Relational Database | Loksewa 2078 Old Paper

Q. What is functional dependency? Explain its important in relational database design. (2+3 marks) 

 answer:

A functional dependency is a constraint between two sets of attributes in a relation from a database. In other words, a functional dependency is a constraint between two attributes in a relation. It is also defined as all the non candidate key attributes fully depends upon primary key attribute.

For Example, Employee( id,name,location)

In this, name and location is fully depends upon id. (name,location->id) , where name and location -> non primary key attributes ; id -> primary key attribute.

In relational database, the normalization process uses functional dependencies to seek out and eliminate redundancy in a database schema, thereby reducing the possibility of update anomalies.

If a database schema is properly normalized, the following should hold true for all tables: all columns should be functionally dependent on the table’s primary key.

Functional dependencies allow you to verify that this is true and if it is not, determine the steps to take to normalize your tables so that it will be true (without losing any data or losing any connections between data that is related).

Another more common reason is that the dependent column describes a property of some entity that plays a role in the described relationship and is identified by the attributes on which it is dependent. For example, consider are relation CatOwners (OwnersID, CatID, OwnersAddress) where OwnersID identifies an dog owner, CatID identifies a dog of the owner and OwnersAddress is the address of the owner. Assume that the relation will contain a record for each cat a person owns. Then the address of the owner will be repeated for each cat owned, but it will for a particular owner always be the same. Thus, if two records agree on the OwnersName then they also agree on the OwnersAddress, and so the functional dependency OwnersID -> OwnersAddress holds.

Computer Operator Solved Questions | Loksewa 078

1. Shortcut key for printing document is?

a. ALT+P

b. Ctrl+M

c. Ctrl+P

d. Ctrl+I

Correct Answer: Ctrl+P

Explanation: Ctrl+P is the shortcut key for windows and almost all application to print..

2. .Paste Special allows some operation where you paste to new cell. Which of the following operation is valid?

a. Square

b. Percentage

c. Goal Seek

d. Divide

Correct Answer: Divide

Explanation: Excel lets you divide the selected cells with the copied cells when pasting using Paste Special Function. Please see the figure..

3. What is the quickest way to select entire worksheet?

a. Choose edit, select all from the menu

b. Click on the first column, press Ctrl, and then click on the last column

c. Click on first column, press Shift, and then click on the last column

d. Click on the rectangle box on the upper left corner where column headings and row headings meet

Correct Answer: Click on the rectangle box on the upper left corner where column headings and row headings meet

Explanation: The quick way to select entire column is to click on column heading; entire row by clicking row heading and entire worksheet by clicking on the box on intersection of row and column heading.

4. A numeric value can be treated as label value if …… precedes it.

a. Apostrophe (‘)

b. Exclamation (!)

c. Hash (#)

d. Tilte (~)

Correct Answer: Apostrophe (‘)

Explanation: Excel recognizes numbers and text and aligns numbers to the right and text to the left of cell. However, you can override this by placing an apostrophe at the beginning of number to enter it as text.

5. How to display updatable current date in MS Excel?

a. Date()

b. Today()

c. Now()

d. Ctl+;

Correct Answer: Today() 

6. A function inside another function is called….

a. Nested round function

b. Sum function

c. Sum function

d. Text function

Correct Answer: Nested Function.

7. If 10/2 entered in a cell without applying any formats, excel will treat this as

a. Fraction

b. Number

c. Date

d. Text

Correct Answer: Date

Explanation: If you enter 10/2 without any format, excel will consider it as 2nd of October and enter it as date value.

8. Which of the following shortcuts can be used to insert a new line in the same cell?

a. Enter

b. Alt+Enter

c. Ctrl+Enter

d. Shift+Enter

Correct Answer:Alt+Enter

Explanation: Alt+Enter works as hard line break when you are typing inside an Excel cell..

9. Chart type to visually compare values across a few categories is …?

a. Pie

b. Column

c. Line

d. Area

Correct Answer: Pie

10. Workbook is collection of?

a. Cells

b. Worksheets

c. Workspaces

d. Projects

Correct Answer: Worksheets

Explanation: A workbook.may contain worksheets, chart sheets, module sheets.

11. Microsoft Access is a

a. RDBMS

b. OODBMS

c. ORDBMS

d. Network Database Model

Correct Answer: RDBMS

Explanation: MS Access is Relational Database Management System.

12. Which of the following is not a type of Microsoft Access Database Object?

a. Table

b. Form

c. Worksheet

d. Module

Correct Answer: Worksheet

Explanation: Access database objects are: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Macro, and Module.

13. In a relational schema, each tuple is divided into fields called

a. Relations

b. Domains

c. Queries

d. All of the above 

Correct Answer: Domains

Explanation: In relational terminology tables are called relations and fields are called attributes.

 14. Which of the following is not an option when printing handouts?

a. Six slides per page

b. Five slides per page

c. Three slides per page

d. Two slides per page

Correct Answer: Five slides per page

15. What is a motion path??

a. A type of animation entrance effect

b. A method of advancing slides

c. A method of moving items on a slide

d. All of the above

Correct Answer: A method of moving items on a slide

Explanation: Motion path is the custom animation effect not slide transition effect. Using motion path you can define how an object will move in a slide.

16. Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in

a. Broadcast network

b. Unicast network

c. Multicast network

d. None of above

Correct Answer: Broadcast network

Explanation: In broadcast network all the nodes share same communication channel.

17. Which one of the following extends a private network across public networks?

a. Local area network

b. Virtual private network

c. enterprise private network

d. storage area network

Correct Answer: Virtual Private Network

Explanation: Virtual Private Network or VPN are the private networks across the public network.

18. Which of the following memories needs refreshing?

a. SRAM

b. DRAM

c. ROM

d. All of above

Correct Answer: DRAM

Explanation: DRAM is dynamic RAM which is most volatile in nature. The data in DRAM is lost after a few milliseconds even while continuous power supply is given. Thus it needs to be refreshed periodically to retain data.

19. Which of the following have low failure rate?

a. Mechanical devices

b. Electronic devices

c. Electro-mechanical devices

d. None of above

Correct Answer: Electronic devices

Explanation: Among the given kinds, electronic devices have lower failure rate because it does not have mechanical parts to break down.

20. Any data or instruction entered into the memory of a computer is considered as

a. storage

b. output

c. input

d. information

Correct Answer: Input

Explanation: Any data or instruction that goes into the computer system (here memory) is known as input and comes out from system (computer system) is output. From memory to disk is storage and from disk to memory is loading.

21. Which of the following is not an application software package

a. Redhat Linux

b. Microsoft Office

c. Adobe PageMaker

d. Open Office

Correct Answer: Redhat Linux

Explanation: Redhat Linux is operating system based on linux kernel. It is system software and not application.

22. What is compiler

a. A compiler does a conversion line by line as the program is run

b. A compiler converts the whole of higher level program code into machine code in one step

c. A compiler is a general purpose language providing very efficient execution

d. None of above

Correct Answer: A compiler converts the whole of higher level program code into machine code in one step

Explanation: The first option indicates interpreter. Option C is invalid. Thus Option B is the correct answer.

23. ASCII stands for

a. American Stable Code for International Interchange

b. American Standard Case for Institutional Interchange

c. American Standard Code for Information Interchange

d. American Standard Code for Interchange Information

Correct Answer: American Standard Code for Information Interchange

24. Computer Virus is a

a. Hardware

b. Software

c. Bacteria

d. Freeware

Correct Answer: Software

Explanation:  Computer viruses are computer software developed with mal-intention.

25. The device primarily used to provide hardcopy is the

a. CRT

b. Computer Console

c. Printer

d. Card Reader

Correct Answer: Printer

26. …… allows us to organize our files so we can more easily find them

a. Navigation

b. Folder

c. Desktop

d. None of above

Correct Answer: Folder

27. The … folder is the default place that most applications want to store data files in

a. Start menu

b. Recycle bin

c. Program files

d. My documents

Correct Answer: My Documents

Explanation:  Among the given options Start menu is the list of available applications and options; Recycle bin is the location to store deleted files; Program files is the folder that store executable files of applications and My documents is the folder for use files.

28. …. Tool helps to reduce the access time from disk

a. Scandisk

b. Disk defragmenter

c. Backup

d. Format

Correct Answer: Disk defragmenter

Explanation; Disk defragmenter arranges the clusters of single file contiguously so that the reading from file is quicker. Thus it reduces the access time from disk.

29. Which is not true for operating system?

a. helps to execute applications

b. performs memory management

c. solves users actual problems

d. controls all the operations of computer

Correct Answer: solves users actual problems.

Explanation: Solving uses actual problems is the job of application software.

30. In computing what is the process by which a running computer system is restarted without the need to interrupt the power?

a. Hibernate

b. Warm boot

c. Cold boot

d. Restart

Correct Answer: Warm boot

31. Which file starts MS Word?

a. winword.exe

b. word.exe

c. msword.exe

d. word2003.exe

Correct Answer: winword.exe

Explanation: winword.exe is the starter file of MS Word. You can type winword.exe in Run dialog box and start the application without accessing menu.

32. Which of the following is not a valid list tag?

a. <al>

b. <li>

c. <ol>

d. <ul>

Correct Answer: <al>

Explanation: We don’t have any tag called <al>

33. Portrait and Landscape are

a. Page orientation

b. Paper size

c. Page layout

d. All of the above

Correct Answer: Page Orientation

34. How can you remove tab stop markers from ruler?

a. Double click on the tab marker and choose clear all

b. Drag the tab stop marker out of the ruler

c. Right click the tab stop marker and choose remove

d. All of above

Correct Answer: Drag the tab stop marker out of the ruler

Explanation: Option A is to clear all the markers and option C does not work. So option B is the correct answer. 

35. Which of the following is not available on the Ruler of MS Word Screen?

a. Tab stop box

b. Left indent

c. Right indent

d. Center indent

Correct Answer: Center indent

Explanation:  There is nothing like center indentation

46. To autofit the width of column

a. Double click the left border of column

b. Double click the right border of column

c. Double click the column header

d. All of above

Correct Answer: Double click the right border of column

37. Which one is the correct HTML tag for the largest heading?

a. head

b. h1

c. h6

d. header

Correct Answer: H1

Explanation:  H1 is the highest level of heading and it is the largest one.

48. Where can you change the vertical alignment

a. Paragraph dialog box

b. Formatting toolbar

c. Page Setup dialog box

d. Standard toolbar

Correct Answer: Page Setup Dialog Box

Explanation:  You can find vertical alignment in Layout tab of PageSetup dialog box.

39. Which of the following is not the merge process

a. soft the data source records

b. merge the two files to print or create a new document

c. edit data source

d. format main document

Correct Answer: Format main document

Explanation: Formatting main document is done while document designing but it is not merge process.  You may need to sort, edit data source and merge them with main document.

40. Automatically placed drop cap in the line

a. 2 lines

b. 3 lines

c. 5 lines

d. 8 lines

Correct Answer: 3 lines

Explanation:  3 lines is the default behavior for drop cap. 

Comparison TCP and UDP | Loksewa 2078 question paper |Computer Engineer

 Q. Provide a comparison  between Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol(UDP).  5 marks

answer:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are the most widely used Internet protocols. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means, once a connection is established, data can be sent bidirectional. UDP, on the other hand, is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol. Multiple messages are sent as packets in chunks using UDP.

TCP	UDP
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. Connection-orientation means that the communicating devices should establish a connection before transmitting data and should close the connection after transmitting the data.	UDP is the Datagram-oriented protocol. This is because there is no overhead for opening a connection, maintaining a connection, and terminating a connection. UDP is efficient for broadcast and multicast types of network transmission.
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.	UDP is a connectionless protocol.
The speed for TCP is slower.	UDP is faster as error recovery is not attempted.
TCP is heavy-weight. TCP needs three packets to set up a socket connection before any user data can be sent.	UDP is lightweight. There are no tracking connections, ordering of messages, etc.
Retransmission of data packets is possible in TCP in case packet get lost or need to resend.	Retransmission of packets is not possible in UDP.
Handshakes such as SYN, ACK, and SYNACK are used.	It's a connectionless protocol, which means it doesn't require a handshake.
TCP has a (20-60) bytes variable length header.	UDP has an 8 bytes fixed-length header.
Eg: HTTP, HTTPs, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet use TCP	Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP, RIP, and VoIP use UDP