Computer Applications And Memory Hierarchy | NBL 2078 question paper

 Q. What are the different applications of computer? Explain with examples. Describe about the Memory Hierarchy of computer system. (6+4)marks.

answer:

The term application refers to software, which is a set of instructions or code written in a program to perform an action or task on a computer. Applications are designed and developed to run on the system software, which is the operating system. Different types of computer applications:

1) Application suites

Packed with many programs that have user  interfaces, functions, and the ability to interact with the user; these include Microsoft Office, Adobe Creativity suite, security suites, game applications, and many others.

2) Enterprise Software

Labels the requirements of an organization and also manages the flow of data in a huge environment. It includes automated billing systems, email marketing, business intelligence, content management, etc.

3) Enterprise Infrastructure Software

Provides the functionality needed to support enterprise software systems.Mainlyusedbycompanies,societies,andorganizationsthatrequire high investment in network security, surveillance systems, transportation, sewage, telecommunications, electricity, water, etc. For example, firmware, operating systems, cryptography, etc.

4) Educational Software

Contains content on a variety of subjects that can be used bystudentsandindividuals. There are websites that offer educational software on a variety of topics, and their vast databases make them easy-to-use applications. Examples include: Google Earth, NASA, Encyclopedia Encarta Timeline, etc.

5) Multimedia Software

Used to develop media in everyday life. There are various audio, video, image editing tools, and print media that can be used to maximize business growth. For  example Picasa, Window Movie maker, Adobe  Photoshop, etc.

6) Content Access Software

Used to access content within a website to publish digital content and entertainment. Examples Media player, Web browser, etc.

7) Informationsoftware

These software are used to address the needs of individuals by creating and managing information for individual projects within a department. Examples: word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, etc.

Memory Hierarchy

In computer architecture, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. It ranges from the slowest but high capacity auxiliary memory to the fastest but low capacity cache memory.

Typically, a memory unit can be classified into two categories:

1. The memory unit that establishes direct communication with the CPU is called Main Memory. The main memory is often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory).
2. The memory units that provide backup storage are called Auxiliary Memory. For instance, magnetic disks and magnetic tapes are the most commonly used auxiliary memories.

auxiliary memory

Secondary memory is known to be the cheapest, largest, and slowest memory available in a computer system. Auxiliary storage provides storage space for programs and data that are stored for long-term storage or that are not used immediately. Examples: magnetic tape, magnetic disk, hard disk, zip disk, and floppy disk.

main memory

A computer system's main memory is often referred to as random access memory (RAM). This memory block communicates directly with the CPU and auxiliary memory devices through the I/O processor. Programs not currently needed in main memory are moved to secondary memory to make room for programs and data in current use. The main memory is divided into two main blocks:

• Random Access Memory (RAM) integrated circuit chip.
• Integrated read-only memory (ROM) circuits.

The goals of memory hierarchy are-

• To obtain the highest possible average access speed
• To minimize the total cost of the entire memory system

Characteristics:

Capacity - As we go down the hierarchy, capacity increases.

Access time - As we go down the hierarchy, the access time increases.

Performance - Previously, computer system design was without memory hierarchy, and the speed gap between main memory and processor registers widens due to the huge difference in access time, this which leads to a decrease in system performance. The expansion was therefore mandatory. The extension was designed due to the increased system performance in the memory hierarchy model.

 Cost per bit – As we move up the hierarchy, the cost per bit increases.

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